A Day in the Death of A Cockney Cemetery
Tower Hamlets Cemetery Park is one of my favourite cemeteries to research and explore.
It doesn’t have the sepulchral magnificence of West Norwood, neither the romantic decay of Highgate, but out of the so-called Magnificent Seven of London, its the lower classes who are predominantly buried here and its their stories that I find more gripping than that of Lord and Lady Hobknob.
Today it is a woodland oasis, frequented by dog-walkers and people making use of the tranquil nature of the space. But to step back in time more than a century ago, you would have found yourself in the clatter of funeral carriages, grave diggers and never-ending mourners. This cemetery was BUSY. For my tours here last year I delved into the archives to see just how busy this now tranquil collection of trees and graves once was.
Self giving a tour at the grave of Joseph Westwood, designed by a local man called John Moxon. Westwood owned the thames ironworks: the company football team would go on to become West Ham United. Hence the hammers!
The Tower Hamlets of the 19th century was a place that experienced enormous social change in a very short space of time. From a rural backwater to suddenly housing thousands upon thousands of people as the land was redeveloped for housing on an massive scale and the proximity of London’s docklands welcomed people from all over the empire. Little distinction was made between residential and industrial, people would often live next door to turtle abbatoirs and blacking factories, which made it a dirty, odious place to live.
Death As a Part of life
But how did the cemetery operate amidst all this? With densely packed housing and diseases such as scarlet fever and cholera running rife, by the mid-19th century Bow Cemetery (as it was then known) was already known for being an epicentre of death – 1/7th of all London’s dead were being buried within its confines by 1867.
Wanting to explore this further, I randomly selected a year, a month and a day to see how Tower Hamlets Cemetery park used to function. Although this is just one day from its active history between 1840 and 1966, this deep-dive will illuminate just how active London’s busiest cemetery of the time used to be.
The Dissenters Chapel, close to where Will Crooks MP was buried. Here shown half derelict in the middle of the 20th century.
Monday 11th November 1872
The Southern Reporter comments on snowfall on this day 148 years ago and a letter to the Times comments on the ‘exceptional rainfall’ that happened earlier in the week. Either way, it probably would have been cold, damp and almost certainly dangerous to gravediggers who seldom had respite from the demands the local area commanded on them to make space for its cockney dead.
1/7th of all London’s dead were being buried within its confines by 1867
The archives, split between a daybook of private burials, pauper burials and then the register of private graves, are where we source the burial information from. The daybook, which is a unifying summary between the private and pauper register, show that funerals happened on most days of the week – although some days none were recorded. Whether this was because they needed ‘rest days’ to ready more of the grounds for burials, or, as I suspect, the administrator fell behind with keeping all the books in order, as I found in 1886 whilst researching Matilda Calverley, we cannot be sure.
The funeral of Sgt William Dransfield in Tower Hamlets 1865 – who killed himself after detonating an explosive in Victoria Park as part of a training exercise for troops in the 1st TH Volunteer Engineers Corps. See the crowds!
Funerals tended to happen in the afternoon between 1 and 5pm. The numbers of burials ranged from between 3 and 35 (35!) funerals a day, with the winter months unsurprisingly being much busier – and this is seen in other cemeteries of the time, such as Brookwood. Mondays tended to be the busiest days. Monday 11th November, my choice of a sample, saw 27 burials alone in a single afternoon.
The coffins would be scheduled for a certain time, and then arrive, together, for a service to be conducted in the (sadly, long demolished) chapel. Here are the breakdowns of the funerals and times that they happened on this particular day:
The size of the site probably allowed these to happen without too much disruption but even so – eight funerals starting at 3pm. Mind-boggling.
Looking at the names and then, the ages of those buried that day – gives an interesting snapshot into death and its affect on the local community and highlights that this, clealry, was another time. The death effect that COVID-19 is having on our localities chiefly, although not exclusively, targets the old. Samuel Thomas Pierce of 22 Middelton Road Bethnal Green – the presentation of name and address presumably that of an adult – was 4 years old. Maria Munday of 32 Longfellow Road, Stepney, was aged 2. Mark Allan of Chrisp Street, Poplar, was only 9 hours old. 70% of those buried on this wet, cold, miserable day in November 1872 were children. Only two of the 27 in this sample – grown men, of 26 and 60 – went into private graves: the rest into communal plots, chiefly L551 or M136.
Self and Sacha at the grave of Topsy Edwards
How does this compare to other cemeteries?
Contrast this to Brompton Cemetery, which catered to a more affluent class of the dead at the other end of the District Line in West London, which had 11 burials on the same day. Only 2 of those were under the age of 5 (18%), with the rest being adults (although most did go into common graves). Brompton is a a good cemetery for us to compare it with because in the 1860’s-1880’s it was considered the second busiest cemetery in London, after Tower Hamlets.
The funeral of Civil War veteran Edward Monroe, aged 106, at Tower Hamlets Cemetery in 1915. The big bushy-bearded man holding the flag is someone of particular interest in Civil War history.
The level of death seen here did not continue. Bar a few instances, and the First World War when scores of the ‘unidentified’ were buried from the bomb sites that pock-marked the East End, the registers shows a smaller, older contingent being added to this place of memory. 80 years later to the day after my initial sample in 1952, it only took one burial: 68 year old William Stanley of 31 Arnold Road, Bow, who was placed into R5797.
By this time, better healthcare, the rise of cremation as an alternative to ye olde burial, as well as the cemetery approaching capacity, gives a very different picture as to how it operated a century before. It’s also interesting to note that the local MP, Charles Hay Ritchie, directly addressed concerns over the amount of Eastenders being buried here a decade afterwards in the 1880s after a damning Home Office report was sparked by complaints from local people.
I list the names of those 27 people: power is gained from stating these names in regards to reclaiming their history, but also as an invitation for you to go off and see what you can find out about them:
Surname and NameAbode
Sex
Age
Time of B
Grave
Nicholls, Henry Swain
Lea Bridge Road, Walthamstow
M
60
3
Sq 57, 3033
Barrett, David
22 Middleton Street, Bethnal Green
M
26
4
Sq 33/25, 4248
Pearce, Samuel Thomas,
14 Warner Place
M
4
2
L551
Hudson, Henry
Prospect Place
M
14 weeks
3
L551
Merton, Robert
1 Axe Place, Hackney
M
1 month
4
L551
Munday, Maria Joyce
32 Longfellow Road, Stepney
F
1.5
2
M136
Bryant, Mary Ann
23 Delph Street, Bermondsey
F
3
3
M147
Willett, Thomas Alfred
23 Ernest Street, Bermondsey
M
5 months
3.5
L549
Urn, Joseph Piper
8 Roswell Street, Bow Common
M
18
4
M146
Daniels, Mary Frances
9 Paternoster Row, Spitalfields
F
2
3
L551
Peters, Esther
25 Kent Street, Borough
F
72
3
M136
Wright, Sarah Louisa
9 Cannon Place, Stepney
F
57
3
C390
A stillborn of Mrs. Argent
Union Street, Stepney
3
L551
Allan, Mark
Chrisp Street, Poplar
M
9 hours
L542
Good, Alice Jane
7 Alderney Street
F
2
2.5
L551
Feeney, Henry
42 Lower Shadwell
M
1.5
1
L542
Briffett, John Charles
Guys Hospital
M
16 months
3
L551
Field, Walter Frederick
5 Mansfield Cottages, Kingsland
M
3 months
3.5
L551
Groom, Sarah
15 Geo Street, Bethnal Green
F
11 months
4
L551
Sears, Thomas
Bethnal Green Workhouse
M
45
4.5
M147
Bull, Ethel
Dock Cottages, Poplar
F
2
2.5
L551
Clark, Margaret
12 Suffolk Street, Bethnal Green
F
19 months
4
L551
Bishop, Sarah
5 Sugar Loaf Court, Goodman’s Fields
F
20
4.5
M136
Middelton, James
22 East India Road, Limehouse
M
49
2
C386
Smith, William Watthew
Samuel Street, Limehouse
M
18 months
4
L549
Musson, William John
Burgess Street, Stepney (died in Children’s Hospital)
M
4
4.5
L551
Powell, Frances, Helena
9 Princes Court,
F
2
L551
The next time you walk through Tower Hamlets Cemetery Park, remember the quietness of today is a world away from how active this space was 100 years ago. An epicentre of death to the local community: we only know a fraction of the social history that the cockney forefathers buried here lived and died through.
References & Further Reading
‘London Cemeteries’, The Era, 17 Nov 1867, p.15, The British Newspaper Archive [online database], accessed 27 October 2020.
‘The Weather’, Southern Reporter, 14 Nov 1872, The British Newspaper Archive, [online database], accessed 27 October 2020.
‘Exceptional Weather’, Central Somerset Gazette, 9 Nov 1872, The British Newspaper Archive, [online database], accessed 27 October 2020.
City of London & Tower Hamlets Cemetery Register, 1868-1883, AncestryUK [online database], accessed 26 October 2020.
‘The Bow Cemetery Grievance’, The East London Observer, 9 Dec 1882, The British Newspaper Archive, [online database], accessed 21 January 2021.
A. Herman, Death has a touch of class, Society and Space in Brookwood Cemetery, 1853 – 1903, The Journal of Historical Geography, vol 36, p. 305 – 314.
Brompton Cemetery Register, 1873 Oct 24 – 1874 Mar 06, Ancestry UK [online database], accessed 26 October 2020.
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